The working environment being river water and sand, there might be risk of exposure to hazardous materials. The job involves workers utilizing country boats and hand tools for rowing, underwater diving, dredging and manual material handling thereby increasing the risk for work-related disorders. Manual sand dredging involves mining of sand manually from the riverbed and transporting it to the trucks for delivery at construction sites. Moreover, river sand being ideal for construction is in high demand in Southwest coast of India. Karnataka with its large estuaries and rivers like Cauvery, Nethravati, Swarna, Lakshmanatirtha, Harangi, Hemavathi is one of the largest sand mining states in India. Riverbed sand dredging provides 30%-35% of total sand required for construction. Increased demand but less supply has amplified the problem by making sand a lucrative commodity thereby increasing the market need for manual dredgers. But, the prohibition of sand dredging due to environmental disasters has constrained the use of automatized dredging resulting in shortage of sand supply. This has posed an increased need for sand dredging. The flourishing of tier 2 cities has clenched India to the third largest construction market worldwide in recent years. An increased demand for urbanization and generous schemes for housing have led to an acceleration of constructions all over India.
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